Multiple Disabilities with a Visual Impairment (MDVI)As with Low Vision and Learning Delay, above, the term MDVI is used to separate those with visual impairments with many needs, from those more able. The term is also used to separate those with multiple disabilities with a visual impairment, from those with multiple disabilities but do not have a visual impairment. The term multiple disabilities may be mistakenly understood to mean multiple medical conditions, which may be the case, but the term is typically used to describe a person with a combination of medical and learning / developmental challenges.
Non-clinical data from studies in rats have reported developmental toxicity (embryolethality, growth retardation) in the offspring exposed to either oxcarbazepine or its active 10-hydroxy metabolite during pregnancy at doses relevant to human therapeutic doses. The largest studies are those by Christensen et al 2013 (386 children exposed to carbamazepine) and 2019 (423 children exposed to carbamazepine), which examined the risk of autism spectrum disorders and ADHD, respectively. The studies by Christensen et al and the meta-analyses do not suggest an increased risk of symptoms or diagnoses of autism spectrum disorders or ADHD following carbamazepine exposure during pregnancy. Where studies have examined effects on intelligence quotient (IQ), there are conflicting results from some of the individual studies compared with the findings of the meta-analyses.
Labels Commonly Associated with CVI(Alphabetically Listed)
It’s what happens if you live close to a hospital and start to blank out the sound of sirens, for example. It’s important because it means that organisms don’t waste time and energy by responding to stimuli that do not pose a danger to them. The cerebellum is a leaf-shaped structure found towards the back of the brain. Things like learning to ride a bike or the movement involved in writing will involve a large input from the cerebellum. Below the cerebrum is a structure called the hypothalamus, which is involved in homeostatic responses such as maintaining body temperature (thermoregulation). It also produces hormones that control the pituitary gland, which is found just beneath the hypothalamus.
- This report presents our review of studies in animals and in women who are pregnant to assess the safety of epilepsy medicines use during pregnancy.
- A class of antidepressants known as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) work by binding to serotonin reuptake proteins within synapses, blocking the proteins and preventing them from reabsorbing serotonin.
- The Linguistic intelligence is our ability to read, write and communicate with words.
The data for diazepam, fosphenytoin, lorazepam, midazolam, thiopental sodium and stiripentol have not been reviewed given that the authorised indications for these antiepileptic drugs include status cerebrumiq epilepticus, acute convulsions, refractory convulsive disorders or Dravet’s syndrome. For completeness, clinical data in relation to a number of other antiepileptic drugs less commonly used in the UK has also been reviewed; these include brivaracetam, clobazam, clonazepam, eslicarbazepine, ethosuximide, lacosamide, perampanel, primidone, rufinamide, tiagabine and vigabatrin. The restrictions to the use of valproate in girls or women followed a review of the available safety data including studies in animals and women who are pregnant.
Key findings for lamotrigine
There are extremely limited clinical data available to inform on the effect of topiramate exposure during pregnancy and the risk of neurodevelopmental disorders in the offspring. Data from a very small study by Rihtman et al (2012), that involved only 9 children whose mothers had taken topiramate during pregnancy suggested that, compared with control children, topiramate had an adverse effect on cognitive, motor, and behavioural outcomes, as well as on IQ score, and motor and visual spatial skills. In contrast, a retrospective observational study in the UK Epilepsy and Pregnancy Registry (Bromley et al 2016b) reported on data for 27 children who had prenatal exposure to topiramate and the findings did not suggest reductions in the cognitive abilities of the children.
The splenium is also frequently injured in head trauma due to specific anatomical features such as its close proximity to the fixed falx that determines how the shearing forces propagates in this region. There were significant correlations between DTI indices extracted from the splenium and several cognitive domains, including attention, verbal fluency, working memory and IQ at six months post-trauma. Our results also indicated positive correlations between FA values in both SLFs and IQ at the same timepoint, in addition to negative correlations between the other DTI metrics and verbal fluency and IQ.
Development of the brain
As well as whether the drug is indicated for the treatment, prevention, mitigation, cure, relief, or diagnosis of that disease or condition. The occurrence of new cases of a disease or condition in a population over a specified time period. For the purpose of clinical definition, pregnancy is divided into two halves, each of 20 weeks. Any pregnancy loss after 20 weeks, when the fetus is well-formed, is known as fetal loss. Also known as the cerebral cortex is the outer layer of neural tissue of the cerebrum (front brain) of the brain in humans and other mammals. The control group is defined as the group in an experiment or study that does not receive the substance, drug, treatment that is being tested and is used by the researchers as a benchmark to measure how the other tested subjects do.
Each « intelligence » can be thought of as a separate « microprocessor » inside our head. The phenomenon of true « genius » appears to come when many of these intelligences are well developed and used simultaneously. Part of the accelerated learning model is that information in a study session is presented in ways which address as many of the « intelligences » as possible. This not only makes retention and recall of information easier (there are many more « hooks » from which to get the information back out again) but it is continuously improving each intelligence skill. Those who want to know more should refer to Tony Buzan’s book « Use your Head ». When you receive information from a typical spoken lecture, do you know how much and what information you recall during the lecture, at the end of the lecture and days or weeks afterwards?
It is the most common facial birth defect in the UK affecting around 1 in every 700 babies. The corporate world for example could optimise its training budgets much more effectively if trainers and employees utilised this knowledge, and students studying could spend less time on revision yet achieve far better results in their examinations. Finally the lowest brain frequency is the « delta » wave state (equivalent to sleep) which also has importance in learning but will not be covered here. Christopher Bergland is a retired ultra-endurance athlete turned science writer, public health advocate, and promoter of cerebellum (« little brain ») optimization.